What is Convergent Evolution? According to ScienceDirect, it is “the independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages resulting from strong selective pressures” [1] The Natural History Museum gave a stunning and clear example of Convergence: “Bats and birds are very different creatures - a bat's wing is more like a human arm than a bird’s wing. Yet both have evolved the remarkable ability…

Merriam-Webster defines Altruism as “1) unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others, and 2) behaviour by an animal that is not beneficial to or may be harmful to itself but that benefits others of its species. [1].  Encyclopedia Britannica states, “Altruism is a form of behaviour that benefits other individuals at the expense of the one that performs the action” [2]. In…

The evolutionary theory, which posits that all living organisms descend from a common ancestor, contains several significant gaps and inconsistencies. Such shortcomings within a scientific theory should naturally prompt further critical inquiry and rigorous investigation. Yet, the relatively few evolutionary scientists who undertake this task often find themselves confronted with more questions than definitive answers. In a separate series entitled The Scientificity of Evolution,…